Climate Change
Cameron White

Introduction:
Climate change, also known as global warming, is a hot topic in today’s society. Scientists have come to a consensus across the globe as to the reality that is global warming. This problem is imminent and the evidence is all around us. Drastic action is needed if we are to dodge the climate change prospect that we are faced with. Most of the scientists across the world have agreed as to the causes, effects and possible solutions of the climate change problem.

Causes:
Climate change is a normal process for the world, it has happened many times before in the Earth’s history. Periods of extreme cold such as the ice ages have been experienced but also times of heat. Although this natural process takes a long time, each age can last at least thousands of years. The problem with the global warming of present is that it is not doing so in the natural way, human activity is speeding up the process causing the temperatures to rapidly rise. This is because of what is called the green house effect. This is also a naturally occurring event, but again humans are warping what once was a natural occurrence and making it larger, for the worse. The greenhouse effect is the trapping of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which then traps the sun rays in the Earths atmosphere, heating it.

The green house effect is caused by the layer of greenhouse gases that surround the Earth. These greenhouses gases include carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour and nitrous oxide. These are all naturally occurring gases. Carbon dioxide is produced by humans and other animals breathing out, but before humans the amount of carbon dioxide was kept in check by trees that breathe carbon dioxide and give out oxygen; methane is produced naturally by bovine flatulent, bacteria in bogs and rice paddies; water vapour is produced naturally by the evaporation of water; and nitrous oxide is produced by the oceans and rainforests. But as humans have evolved they have created new technology that some of these gases are a by product of.

As humans have developed they have created new ways of getting around and providing power for themselves. Although the burning of fossil fuels for electricity and the use of oil in vehicles means that the levels of carbon dioxide are astronomically higher then what they used to be. Because humans are now so reliant on electricity the burning of fossil fuels went unchecked. The burning of coal for electricity made up 40% of U.S carbon dioxide emissions in 2002. In the year2000, 6500 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide were emitted into the atmosphere, drastically different from less then 10 million tonnes in 1800. Also, carbon dioxide amounts for 72% of the greenhouse gases pumped into the atmosphere.
The other main contributor to the carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere is transportation. Gasoline also known as petroleum is made from oil, and is the fuel that powers most cars, busses and planes. Although the by product of petrol that comes out of the exhaust of the vehicles is carbon dioxide. 19.2% of all carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is because of transportation, whether that is cars, busses or planes.

Methane is still not artificially produced by humans and is not a by product of any technology, although due to human activity the amount of methane has increased drastically. Methane is 20% more effective at trapping heat then carbon dioxide, although methane only makes up 18% of all greenhouse gases. As the population of humans increases the need for food also increases. This means that cows have been cultivated for their milk and meat, so there are now millions of cows in farms across the world. Therefore the number of flatulent has also increased meaning more methane is poured into the atmosphere.
The number of rice paddies across the world has also increased because of the demand on rice that is because of over population. This means that they are also producing more methane, again rising the amount of methane in the world’s atmosphere

Everybody knows of water evaporation, but not everybody knows that the water vapour produced is actually a greenhouse gas. Due to heat, water evaporates and the water vapour rises to form clouds and send water vapour into the layer of greenhouse gases. Although there is now a snowball effect, as the world gets hotter due to global warming more water is evaporating sending more water vapour into the air. Therefore there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the world just gets hotter.

The final main greenhouse gas is nitrous oxide which is produced by rainforests and oceans. But it is also produced by many man made things such as nylon, fertiliser in agriculture, cars with catalytic converters and the burning of organic matter, nitrous oxide makes up 9% of all greenhouse gases. Agricultural by products is definitely the most prominent cause of nitrous oxide, making up 62% of the nitrous oxide given off.

As you can see the most prominent greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide and we have only just begun to see the problem we are faced with this concerning this gas. As the world is over populated people need places to live and therefore more electricity is needed. Because land is needed for people to live on, forests are being cleared so that housing developments can be built. Rainforests in undeveloped countries are also being cleared for money, for example the rainforests in Somalia are being cleared for palm oil. This means that there are fewer trees to consume the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. But more and more carbon dioxide is being produced for the greater demands on electricity as the population increases.

Solutions:
Global warming can not be solved by an individual, or a community or even one country, the world needs to come together to face the greater enemy. There are many different solutions that have been proposed to combat global warming. Some being simplistic measures the average person can take to reduce their carbon footprint, others schemes and protocols that governments initiate and some initiatives proposed by people.

Firstly, the simple measures the average person can do around the house. From buying energy efficient light globes to turning appliances off at the switch the list is endless. The biggest mistake somebody can make is to assume that one person will not make a difference. This is incorrect, as 10.3% of greenhouse gases that are in the atmosphere are produced by households. If the average person could do something as simple as turning of the light when they leave the room or catching public transport to and from work everyday, they could drastically reduce their carbon footprint.

As a society, we can not just preserve the trees we have now; we need to plant more so that they can consume as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as possible. We need to protect the precious forests we have left; laws need to be drawn up to protect them. But also, jobs need to be found for those who would be logging forests, especially in undeveloped countries. These people cut down forests because they are living day to day; they desperately need money to put food on the table. If jobs were created for these people then the forests could be protected properly.

The best way to lower the amount of carbon dioxide pumped into the atmosphere is to invest money in renewable energy. In stead of fossil fuels for electricity there are many cleaner alternatives, such as solar power and wind power. If governments invested money in renewable energy sources, the biggest contributor to greenhouse gases would be eliminated. Another advantage of renewable energy over fossil fuels is that it will never run out; there is also no toxic by product, like nuclear power, making it a completely clean source of power.

Another solution to battle climate change is for government to initiative schemes such as the carbon trading scheme and sign protocols such as the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol sets binding targets for the countries that have signed to lower greenhouse gas emissions. By signing the Protocol countries are committing themselves to lowering their carbon emissions and reaching set targets. The only developed country not to sign the protocol is the U.S.A. Another scheme that can be implemented is carbon trading scheme. This scheme applies only to those countries who have signed the Kyoto Protocol, and it means that if countries do not use all their emissions assigned to them by the protocol, they can sell them to other countries that have gone over their limit. By doing this, there is an incentive for countries to use less then their assigned emissions, and also creates another commodity in which countries can buy and sell.

Al Gore, U.S politician and global warming activist and known for his documentary An Inconvenient Truth, has unveiled his newest campaign, We Can Solve It. This campaign involves making America 100% reliant on clean electricity in only ten years time. There are five simple steps in this campaign. First, having a clean energy economy, this would provide thousands of new jobs as new companies open. Secondly, personal choices, Gore asks that individuals make simple energy efficient choices around the house and also in life. Thirdly, the adoption of renewable energy resources, he asks that America breaks its dependence on fossil fuels and branches out into cleaner revenues of energy. Fourth, he asks for enhanced energy efficiency, one of the cheapest ways of reducing global warming is harnessing the technology of today and become energy efficient. Finally, innovative leaders, the technological means of solving this crisis is available, although innovative leadership is needed for innovating things to happen.

Conclusion:
The world is in a crisis, the globe is heating and humans are the ones making the temperature changes so dramatic. The cause of global warming is the trapping of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which then traps the sun rays in the Earths atmosphere, heating it. The four main gases that are contributing to this greenhouse effect are carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour and nitrous oxide. Also, over population of the world is causing these problems to all be made greater. Some solutions to this problem are being more energy efficient around the home, planting trees, invest in renewable energies and governments to initiative schemes such as the Kyoto Protocol. Al Gore has started the We Can Solve It campaign, in the hope that people power will prevail.
Global warming is, as the name implies, a global problem. One person can not fix this, one community ca not fix this, one country ca not fix this (although all can do their part), we need to come together as one world and have a united front against climate change.





Bibliography:
Notes and sheets from class
http://timeforchange.org/cause-and-effect-for-global-warming
http://www.ecobridge.org/content/g_cse.htm
http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/global-warming-latest-evidence/2007/04/30/1177788024559.html
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/emissions_trading/items/2731.php
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/18/AR2006091801125.html
http://www.wecansolveit.org/content/solutions

Sustainable Societies

Sustainable Societies
Cameron White

For thousands of years societies have strived for sustainability. Sustain is defined as to keep from giving way, as under trial or affliction. This relates to societies contiual battle of sustainability. If the foundations of a society are weak that society will collapse. The foundations of a society that need to be strong can be divided into four different points. This four point framework helps to understand how a society becomes sustainable. These five points are resource management, insuring defence against invasion, culture and governance. Resource management involves utilising the natural resources available and managing their use. Insuring defence against invasion is about making sure that if they are invaded their society will not be completely demolished. Culture involves the society’s willingness to change if faced with a problem that relates to its culture. Also all of these points can be broken up into many categories, for example deforestation and having strong allies.

The first of these points is resource management. Over the centuries many societies have perished because of poor resource management. Although if a society can manage its natural resources well and keep a balance between demand and supply it may flourish.
The factor of resource management can be separated into many smaller categories. Some of these categories include deforestation, water management, use of minerals and metals, flora and fauna management and many more.
One particular society that has managed a particular sector of their resources well is the Japanese. Although not in the begging, in around the 6th century the Japanese started large scale deforestation because of the growing population. The ancient forests around the large cities were demolished for space and high demands of good quality wood for furniture and fuel. The next crisis was in the 16th and 17th centuries. This was because the new rulers of the time demanded large scale shrines and temples built. The rulers demanded the finest quality of wood.
This makes Japan seem as if they didn’t manage their natural resource of the ancient forests well, although it is what the Japanese did to solve the problem that they were faced with that makes their resource management effective. Post WWII Japan had a vast timber shortage, to solve this problem the Japanese government introduced high scale timber plantations and started to import vast quantities of timber.
A way of showing just how important it is for a society to manage its resources effectively is to show how badly things can turn when resources are managed poorly. A society that managed its natural resources appallingly is the Easter Islanders. The Easter Islanders created large statues known as Moai; some of these enormous statues were up to 80 tons. With the lack of machinery at the time sheer muscle power was used to make, and transport them. Many people were needed to create and move the Moai, so the islanders increased their population in order to build these magnificent structures. In order to support the large and growing population natural resources were depleted heavily. They deforested there land in order to move the monolithic structures and for fuel.
The Easter Islanders mis-management of their natural resources highly contributed towards the fall of their society. This shows how important managing the natural resources is for a society.

The next point in the four point framework is defence against invasion. There are also many categories within this point. They are having a large army, having good defences and allying themselves with strong societies. Being invaded can cause many problems within a society, these can include being killed by the invaders, catching diseases and the citizens being taken for prisoners or slaves. If a society has a large army it can defend itself against invaders and hopefully repel anyone that comes. Having good defences, such as large building built of stone gives the people time to build an army and try to repel the attacking invaders. Finally having strong allies means that help is always on the way if the society is ever attacked.
A sustainable society that displays some of these characteristics is the British Empire. For thousands of years it has thrived with the aid of its large army and navy. Despite the fact that England is a small country it has always had a large population and therefore the need for a large army and navy. At the start of World War One it had the largest navy in the world. The large army and navy have helped Britain to become sustainable as they have defended England and won many battles.
Also England also had buildings that acted as a line of defence from attackers. The English would build spectacular castles that would act as a defence because of their motes and their thick stone walls that could withstand the primitive weaponry of that age. For example Dover Castle in Kent, this castle was built in the 12th century under the rule of Henry II and it is built on the top of a hill and surround by a high, thick, stone wall. This makes it difficult to attack.
Having large armies, navies and building castles in a defensive manner Britain has helped maintain its sustainability for hundreds of years.

The third aspect of the four point framework involves culture. The culture of a society can be vital to the sustainability or collapse of that society. A culture needs to be flexible and accepting for a society to prosper in troubled times. If, for example there is climate change or a different dramatic change such as invasion, the culture and religion of that society must be able to adapt to the new circumstances. Most societies last for hundreds, if not thousands of years, in this time there is most likely to be some sort of change, whether it be the temperature rising or allies changing, the culture of that society has to change to accommodate for the change. That may mean growing different crops or making new alliances.
A society that shows an adaptation of their culture in order to not collapse was the Ottoman Empire. In 1453 AD the Ottoman Empire overpowered the Byzantine Empire and seized control over Constantinople. At the time Constantinople was predominately Christian, so all the impressive temples were dedicated to the Christian faith. When Constantinople became part of the Ottoman Empire temples such as the Hagia Sofia had to undergo change. The Ottomans culturally adapted their surroundings to adapt to their own faith, predominately Muslim.
There was another cultural change for the Ottoman’s during 1566 to 1683 A.D. In 1566 the ruler, known as Suleiman the Magnificent died and things started to go downhill from here. The once expanding empire came to a sudden halt. It stopped expanding into Europe and its economy became strained. Over the next hundred years or so the Ottoman’s were weakened with many battles. They then rebuilt there empire. The Ottoman Empire slowly adapted its culture to become more western and in doing so ensured its sustainability within the modern word.
A society that was unable to adapt to the changes happening was the Greenlandic Norse. The weather of Greenland didn’t allow the quick regrowth of plant life, this was a problem as the introduced farm animals such as cows, sheep and horses quickly stripped the land bare of vegetation. These farm animals then began to die out and the Greenlandic Norse had less supply of meat. A simple solution for this problem would have been to eat the fish and whales right on their doorstep, like the Inuit’s. But the people of Greenland tried to stay true to their European heritage, which meant not hunting and eating the marine life.
The people of Greenland’s lack of adaptation to the surroundings because of their culture aided in the collapse of their complex society. Had the Greenlandic Norse people followed the Inuit’s lead and hunted the marine life there would have been a much higher chance of becoming sustainable.

The fourth and final section of the four point frame work relates to governance. Governance is what can make or break a society. The government makes all the decisions and two of the previous points from the four point framework are up to the government. These points are resource management and defence against invasion. Governance can be separated into these categories and more, economy, response to crisis and keeping peace within the society. The economy of a society is vital to its sustainability, economy includes trade and taxes. If a crisis goes on ignored and ignored the severity of that crisis builds, if a government can recognize a threat to its society and put a stop to it that makes the society more sustainable. Peace within a society is almost as important as peace with other societies, having fighting with themselves causes inner weaknesses in that society.
The form of government in many places around the world, including Australia and the USA is democracy. What better a city to discuss the importance of governance towards sustainability than where democracy was born, Athens. The ancient Athenians developed a system of government that represented the people. The government was built up of Athenians who elected themselves. The Athenians way of thinking was that if people elected themselves to the government they would have a good cross section of the citizens. By having this, the Athenian democracy helped majority of the Athenian citizens in their day to day lives. This meant that the people of Athens were happy with the work of their government and so they supported it and listened to it. Therefore the city of Athens was sustained because of the peoples trust and confidence in their system of government.

Sustainability is what is desired by all communities, cities, countries and societies. For a society to be truly sustainable they need to be flourishing and strong for 300 years or more. All four points in the four point framework interrelate to give a guide as to what makes a society sustainable. This framework can be applied to a society in the past to examine the fact of sustainability. Although a society may not display all or any of these points but still last for hundreds of years. There are many smaller aspects of sustainability not explored in this report. I have tried to give a basic structure as to how societies become sustainable and what makes them sustainable.


Bibliography

World Rainforest Movement
Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation http://www.wrm.org.uy/deforestation/Asia/Japan.html

Harry’s Blog
“The Fall of Easter Island”
http://exsephiroth.blogspot.com/

Wikipedia
Dover Castle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_castle

Wikipedia
The Ottoman Empire http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ottoman_Empire#Revolts_and_revival_.281566.E2.80.931683.29

Kate’s Blog
“Why the Greenland Norse Collapsed”
http://kated6.blogspot.com/

BBC
“The Democratic Experience” http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_03.shtml

The Collapse of the Mayan Society.

One of the greatest cultures of the ancient world boasted brilliant architecture and a vast knowledge of astronomy and mathematics. This culture was the culture of Maya, whom resided in the Yucatan Peninsula; this includes southern parts of Mexico, parts of Guatemala and practically all of Belize. The Mayans tracked the progress of Venus through the sky and developed a calendar based on 365 days. They created there own mathematical system, based on the number twenty with a concept of zero. There were hundred of different signs in the hieroglyphic system that they developed.

The classic Mayan period was between 250A.D and 750A.D and the civilization reached its peak at around 750A.D. It is believed that at its peak the Mayan civilization may have had a total population of 13 million people. Then between 750A.D and 950A.D the society imploded. The magnificent stone pyramids were left to fall into ruin as the Mayans abandoned densely populated urban centres. The southern part of the Mayan empire collapsed first, followed by the Northern half. The collapse of the Mayan civilization is called by archaeologists the “terminal Classic collapse”. In this classic collapse the whole Mayan society was not wiped out. Some cities such as Chichen Itza and Mayapan survived this devastating fall. Some cities survived until the Spanish came in around the mid 1500’s. The Spanish Invasion devastated the remaining Mayans, the Spanish fought and brought horrible diseases that caused epidemics within the Mayan world. I will not be dealing with this smaller collapse, I will be explaining the Classic Collapse period.

Firstly the Mayan’s were thought to live in a rain forest, this is incorrect. The Mayan’s lived in a “seasonal tropical rainforest”. There was a wet and dry seasons, the dry seasons were in fact very dry, and the wet seasons were very wet. Because the seasons were very unpredictable sometimes the farmers would plant there crops expecting the rain to come and it didn’t, causing the whole crop to fail. Around the time of the classic collapse there was an atmospheric change. Sediment cores taken form Yucatan lakes suggest that there was a long dry period between 800aA.D and 1000A.D; this coincides with the collapse of the Mayan society. Because it was so dry, the staple corn, which made up 70% of the Mayan’s diet, was not as plentiful as before. So it became increasingly harder to feed the still growing population, and was it was very hard to support the army’s in the ongoing wars the Mayan’s fought within themselves.
The Yucatan Peninsula was covered with mostly lush forests, which were made up of many trees. The Mayan’s took advantage of these trees and deforested much of the forests they lived in. The trees were used for fuel and for making into plaster, this plaster was used to plaster houses and this form of decoration was becoming increasingly popular towards the classic collapse. Unlike Easter Island, the Mayans cleared this free land was not put to waste; farmers would grow crops in the nutrient rich soil. Easter Island deforested there whole island to make their statues, unlike the Mayans who deforested their land for crops. This worked well until all the nutrients had been sucked out of the soil and crops could no longer grow.
The Mayan’s were never one empire, compared with the Aztecs, they were lots of separate kingdoms. These kingdoms were constantly fighting between themselves to conquer each other, and this put a huge strain on the already limited resources. The Mayan’s fought intensely, chronically and devastatingly. What is more, the wars became more intense and more frequent as the collapse drew nearer. The Mayans fought many types of wars, wars between separate kingdoms, cities within kingdoms revolting against their capitals, civil wars and fights between commoners over land became more frequent as population grew.
The kings and nobles were more worried about themselves than whether there society’s succeeded or failed. They were always putting lots of effort into the wars against other kingdoms and whether they would seize more land for their own. They were more worried about building beautiful palaces to live in and erecting monuments to themselves. Because of this they didn’t seem to notice seemingly obvious catastrophic problems there societies were facing. They did not react in any way to the droughts, or the deforestation problems, the fact that wars put a huge strain on the already low resources, or the fact that with the population growth, demand for food and water was very close to outstripping supply and the many other problems.
All these many problems interrelated with one another to cause the classic collapse of the Mayan Civilization.

Jared Diamond outlines his five point framework model in his book Collapse How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive. The five point framework is a model as to why societies fail. This framework is separated in 5 different sections: environmental damage, climate change, hostile neighbours, trading partners and the society’s response.
Jared Diamond’s five point framework suits the theory’s as to why the Mayan society collapsed. Four of the five points associate with the Mayans and why they collapsed. The climate changed, they didn’t have hostile enemies but fought among themselves, the environment had been damaged, but they had no trading difficulties because they didn’t have any trading partners to begin with and they didn’t respond to the crisis well.
Diamond’s theory as to why the Mayan’s fell can be summed up in 5 simple sentences.
1.The population growth exceeded the resources available.
2.Deforestation and hillside erosion decreased amount of usable farmland.
3.Wars amongst kingdoms, and fighting amongst people over the depleting resources.
4.Severe droughts, in previous droughts people would move to were there was more water; in the classic collapse this was impossible because of the first three problems.
5.Kings and nobles were focused on themselves and overlooked the seemingly obvious problems faced within there society.

The theory’s as to why the Mayan’s collapse also fits the framework of historian Joseph Tainter. Tainter’s framework consists of three different models which he says at least one or more allocate to the collapse of a society. The first is named “The Dinosaur”. This is when a society uses up its resources at an exponential rate, and its leaders do nothing to solve the problem. Number two, the “Runaway Train”, is when a society can only sustain itself when there is growth present, and when there is a time that there is no growth, it collapses. The third and final model is the “House of Cards” and is when the society has grown so big and complex that when some small problem comes along, it has a high chance of collapsing. These three models usually do not occur individually but are intertwined with one another, strengthening the other models.
This framework sits well on the Mayans well; all three models, “The Dinosaur”, “The Runaway Train” and “House of Cards” interrelate within the Mayan society.
The Mayan’s deforested there land, for fuel and fields for crops, but after a while the soil was exhausted and no more crops could grow. The population was growing and the need for food was becoming greater, but the kings overlooked this and continued putting many resources into building their monuments and fighting wars (The Dinosaur). This depletion of resources weakened the Mayans to things like invasion and drought (House of Cards). The ongoing competition between cities and kingdoms kept the people building bigger and better temples and monuments so when there was no more resources left the society would be sure to not be able to withstand the problem (Runaway Train).

I think that the framework that fits to the collapse of the Mayan civilization is Jared Diamond’s five point framework. I think this is because there is more of a variety of reasons as to how the society collapsed. Also it offers one section on response to collapse which is vital, that one thing could save a whole civilization.
One of the aspects of the five point framework, hostile enemies, is debateable to have occurred within the Mayan society. Because the Mayans didn’t fight neighbours, they fought amongst themselves. Although I believe that this aspect of the framework still apply’s because the Mayans were never one empire, they were lots of separate kingdoms. So when kingdoms were fighting one another they were fighting neighbours.
Also Jared Diamond offers a simple theory, summed up in 5 sentences as to why the Mayans collapsed, these sentences also fit into the framework. These 5 reasons intertwine and are all related to one another.

(Optional Extra)
The Mayan Civilization was one of the most advanced civilizations of thee time. This did not stop it from collapsing. This shows us that no matter how sophisticated and advanced the society, it can still fall into ruin and decay. This is very appropriate to our contemporary society.
There are many things that our society can learn from the Mayan society. These lessons are to be put into practice by not repeating the same mistakes the Mayans did. If we can do this and reverse the problems that have already arisen we, as a society, may be able to avert a collapse.
One lesson we can learn is the deforestation. Although this world is almost beyond repair, we can do what the Mayans did not, we can attempt to fix our mistakes. If we plant trees that are not for wood, and let our natural forests grow back we may be able to save our world.
Another problem that the Mayan’s faced that we are facing is the fact of over population. One of the most contributing factors of the classic collapse was the fact that demand for food and water surpassed supply. We can see the problem of over population in China, were there is 100,000,000 people. China has imposed the one baby law, this means families are only allowed one baby. This is the beginning of a resolution, but if the worlds population continues to grow at the rate in which it is growing, there will not be enough resources to support all the people.
The world today has many more, different problems to the world 1000 years ago. Things like global warming, fossil fuels and many more. What we can learn from this ancient society is to not stand by idly as our society collapses around us. We need to do all we can to find renewable power sources and fix all our other problems.
To sum up, the main lesson we can learn from the Ancient Mayan Civilization and their classic collapse is to do something about our problems. We can not sit around while our society collapses.

By me... Cameron White

Bibliography:
Books:
Diamond,(2006) Collapse How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive, Penguin, USA.
Internet:
American Scientest Online, http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/44510?fulltext=true, 2005.
Wikipedia, Societal Collapse, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_collapse, 2008.

What histroy means to me, so far...

History means heaps. I LOVE . i love listening and learning about the troubles and triumphs of the past. i find it so interesting. learning about things like Nazi Germany, World War 1 and 2 and things in Ancient History such as ancient Greece and Ancient Rome

i think history is important in todays society aswell. it teaches us what the poeple of the past learnt through their trials and tribilations.

my knowledge and lvoe of History gave me the oppurtunity

HEY!!!!!!

hey this is cameron!
this is my first blog
cool
byebye now